est and Landmark

Began: 1971
Who: Werner Erhard; the Landmark Forum from 1991
Connection to Circling: Named as an early influence (Coutts; the Circling Guide; Sengstock, writing about Candelaria)

est and Landmark, 1971

Named as an early influence · Assume nothing.

Werner Erhard’s est trainings and their successor, the Landmark Forum. Circling’s own histories name them among its earliest influences.

A full comparison with Circling isn’t written yet.

Moves it shares with Circling

Assume nothing · Telling what happened apart from the story told about it, as the Forum’s syllabus puts it. (Landmark Forum syllabus)

Coutts remembers the first Circling course as like a Landmark course, only warmer.